There have been six previous Factions storylines so far.

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I. MIRRORWATER

Participants: Demacia, Ionia, Noxus, Piltover, the Freljord
Victor: the Freljord
Setup: The nations of Runeterra fight for control of a powerful magical artifact, an eerie silver pool of “mirrorwater” found at a meteor’s crash site.
Outcome: The tribes of the Freljord won the Mirrorwater and took it back with them. The Avarosan used it to build a fortress, the Winter’s Claw fashioned it into weapons and armor, and the Frostguard (behind a cover story about Trundle’s trolls drinking it or somesuch) poured it into Lissandra’s underground ice pools to feed her world-changing magic.

Opening
Update 1 — Piltover Rallies
Update 2 — Noxian Reinforcements
Update 3 — The Freljord Resolution
Update 4 — Udyr
Update 5 — The True Noxus

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II. CERULEANA

Participants: Demacia, Ionia, Noxus, Piltover, the Freljord, the Shadow Isles
Victor: Demacia
Setup: Lissandra’s use of the Mirrorwater creates a mystical island of blue and silver ice in the ocean between the Shadow Isles and the Freljord. The Council decrees that ownership of this island will be decided in the League of Legends.
Outcome: Demacia wins control over the island and encounters its guardian spirit, an ocean goddess who takes the name “Ceruleana”. Demacia turns her power, and the island’s, to serve the forces of Order. Ionia warns them that every action has a reaction.

Opening
Update 1 — Voices Wake Us And We Drown
Update 2 — Driving Back the Shadows
Update 3 — Allies

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III. DISCORD

Participants: Bandle City, Demacia, Discord, Piltover
Victor: Discord
Setup: Through Ceruleana, Demacia had tipped the world’s balance toward Order, but that balance soon re-asserts itself. In Icathia, the fabric of reality tears open and the Void invades. The forces of the Void, backed by undead armies raised by the sorcerers of the Shadow Isles, rampage across Valoran. (Nice job breaking it, heroes.)
Outcome: Although the combined might of Runeterra managed to drive the Void back from Noxus, the Void now holds power over Icathia. Much Noxian territory has been corrupted with dark magics and is uninhabitable.

Opening
Update 1 — Vengeance
Update 2 — The Battle for Noxus
Update 3 — Aftermath

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IV. SHON-XAN

Participants: Noxus, Ionia
Victor: Ionia
Setup: The combined might of Runeterra stopped the Void onslaught at the gates of Noxus, but at great cost. Much Noxian land is now uninhabitable, poisoned by magic and haunted by demons from beyond. Over one hundred thousand Noxian refugees have fled their homes. The arrival of Noxian refugees in Ionia has sparked a new dispute in the League of Legends.
Outcome: Ionia ultimately prevails. The Noxian military is forced out of Shon-Xan. The battle-scarred grounds of the refugee settlement itself, poisoned by Zaunite bioweapons, remain Noxian territory after Swain’s ruthless strategems hold Ionia at bay just long enough for the final League peace edict to go into effect.

Opener

Prelude

Update 1 — Ionia’s Rage
Update 2A — The League Intervenes (Noxus)
Update 2B — The League Intervenes (Ionia)
Update 3 — Sword of the Wind
Update 4 — Echoes of the Past
Update 5 — Madmen of Zaun

An Urgent Dispatch from the League!

Update 6 — Ceruleana’s Wrath
Update 7 — A Lucky Break
Update 8 — Scarlet Spring

Interactive lore event

Update 9 — Peace

Epilogue

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V. HEXTECH REVOLUTION

Participants: Piltover, Bandle City, Zaun, Demacia
Victor: Zaun
Setup: The Void’s contamination spreads from Icathia into Shurima Desert, there combining with the lingering enchantments of the Shuriman ruins to create massive seams of pyrikhos, or “dark sand”. Pyrikhos proves to be a potent and versatile hextech energy source, allowing for the large-scale production of techmaturgic inventions. The factions of Valoran fight to control it.
Outcome: Zaun dominates the conflict, Viktor and Singed building a massive techmaturgic army (the HexKorps) of unprecedented destructive power. Ceruleana brings a dire prophecy to Demacia, warning that Zaun’s reckless exploitation of the pyrikhos has opened a Void rift inside its mines, and Runeterra itself may be destroyed. Demacia attacks the mines in violation of the League peace edict. A battle ensues, during which the Void rift opens. Demacia, Zaun, Noxus, Piltover, and Bandle City join forces to fight through the Void hordes and close the portal. Valoran is saved. King Jarvan III surrenders himself to the League, and he is imprisoned pending trial for Demacia’s illegal act of aggression.

Opener — Hextech Revolution
This sets the stage, introduces the factions, and explains what they’re each fighting for.

Prelude — Breakthrough!
Merricurry researches the pyrikhos. Meanwhile, in Zaun …

Update 1 — Trouble, Right Here In Bandle City!
Merricurry considers her options.

Interactive Lore Event I
Summoners from each faction decide on a new Champion for their rosters, and make some other important decisions.

Update 2 — Opening Moves
Zaun bombs Piltover, pushing it and Bandle City closer together. Curious yordles break into ancient pyramid, and absolutely no merry sing-a-longs follow. Zac founds a Mutant Academy in Zaun.

Update 3 — Chaos
The Void invades Zaun when their research into Pharmakon II goes horribly wrong.

Update 4 — The Endless Dead (also: Interactive Lore Event II, Part One)
An undead army rises in Shurima, staggering forth to attack Bandle City!
This update launches the second interactive lore event of this arc.

Interactive Lore Event II (Part Two)
Nefara’s undead horde marches on Bandle City! Other factions must decide how to respond.

Update 5 — Get Jinxed
How Jinx finally joined Zaun.

Interactive Lore Event III
Piltover selects a new Champion after winning a round of Featured Matches.

Interactive Lore Event IV
Bandle City and Zaun have some decisions to make in the midst of the undead invasion.

Update 6 — A Desperate Alliance
Nefara’s undead legions attack Bandle City. The other factions band together to mount a defense.

Interactive Lore Event V — The Beginning of the End
The battle for control of the dark sand reaches an apex. Piltover and Bandle City consider an alliance, while Demacia must decide whether to respect League law and risk catastrophe or invade Zaun’s Shuriman mines and put a stop to their reckless actions.

The Summoner’s Herald Vol. I, Issue 1
The inaugural edition of the Summoner’s Herald covers the undead attack on Bandle City and the great tournament for Field 14.

Update 7 — A Scientist’s Decision
Merricurry comes to Zaun, and finds it a more frightening place than she anticipated.

Update 8 — Shield of Light
Demacia marches into Shurima at Ceruleana’s command to prevent a Void apocalypse, while Swain fights to put down Noxian rebels and regain control.

Update 9 — The HexKorps
Demacia attacks Zaun’s mines in Shurima, beginning the largest battle Valoran has seen since the Rune Wars.

The Summoner’s Herald Vol. I, Issue 2
An edition of the Herald covering the end of the League dispute and the battle in Shurima.

Update 10 — The Terror of the Void
Demacia, Zaun, and their allies join in a desperate bid to close a Void rift that threatens to destroy Runeterra.

Update 11 — Against Apocalypse
Viktor and Merricurry fight their way into the mines to close the Void rift.

Update 12 — Secrets of Shurima
The battle against the Void awakens ancient forces from a bygone age.

Epilogue
Zaun is victorious. A faction-by-faction overview of the aftermath.

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VI. NYROTH

Participants: Bilgewater, Ionia, the Freljord, the Shadow Isles
Victor: Ionia
Setup: A new continent, Nyroth, is discovered to the west of Valoran, in the heart of the most dangerous region of the Conqueror’s Sea, surrounded by an ethereal veil. Nyroth was formed by a leyline convergence, a network of ten nexuses pulled into a stable alignment by a central nexus of great power, giving rise to a mainland and ten islands. Once ruled by an advanced technological civilization, the aftershocks of Valoran’s early Rune Wars triggered a cataclysm over a thousand years ago, flooding the mainland with thaumatoxic energy and reducing its cities to rubble. (Valoranians prove immune to this effect, presumably due to generations of exposure to Rune Wars energy.) Holdout civilizations persist on the islands, and in a floating city above the mainland.
Outcome: Although a new Bilgewater led by Nami and strengthened by an alliance with the Marai and the Atlanteans held a dominant position for much of the dispute, and took control of most of the Nyrothian islands, Ionia struck back in the final weeks of matches and ultimately prevailed. The Freljord earned a place in history by using Frostguard magic (combined with Ionian astral magic) to restore the central nexus and render the mainland habitable once more. In the end, Bilgewater gained authority over Nyroth’s foreign affairs, while Ionia was given primary authority over the mainland itself, and many souls of slain Nyrothians flowed across the sea to the Shadow Isles.

Note: A significant part of Nyroth’s lore is still under revision. It remains dark and mysterious until that time.

Prologue
An airship expedition travels to the island of Nyroth and reports back.

Interactive Lore Event I
A brief interactive lore event following the prologue.

Interactive Lore Event II
In this event, each faction selects a starting Research project and makes some other decisions.

Update 1: The Harrowing Approaches
A brief introduction to the Harrowing season.

Update 2: Time To Troll
The Freljord recruits Trundle by petition and wins Udyr’s allegiance on the Fields.

Update 3: Not Your Hero
Nami hires the mysterious mercenary known as Jax to fight for Bilgewater.

Update 4: Avalon (Exploration by Bilgewater)
Bilgewater liberates an island from berserk hextech automata.

Update 5: The Harrowing
The Harrowing comes to Runeterra.

Update 6: Death and the Dead (Exploration by the Shadow Isles)
The Shadow Isles discover an island of undeath: and necromantic forces beyond even their control.

Update 7: Emain Ablach (Exploration by Bilgewater)
Bilgewater restores a verdant island to prosperity, and gives Maokai hope of one day revitalizing his home in the Isles.

Update 8: The Automata (Exploration by the Freljord)
The Freljord pursue automata spotted on the mainland of Nyroth.

Update 9: The Ancient Library (Exploration by Ionia)
This is where the jokes about Ionia and libraries come from.

Update 10: Aeaea (Exploration by Bilgewater)
Not all island have to be sinister. This one has sunshine, parties, and fruity drinks, as well as plentiful vowels.

Update 11: Argyre (Exploration by the Freljord)
The Freljord discovers a splinter civilization of “prehistoric” yordles, worshipping their own Mothership.

Update 12: Korag (Exploration by the Shadow Isles)
Remember the crabs? This is where they came from.

Update 13: Sannig Kloster (Exploration by Ionia)
Ionia decides to check out some more books. What could go wrong?

Update 14: Return to Argyre (Exploration by the Freljord)
The mighty warriors of Avarosa versus tiny little yordles.

Update 15: Neritum (Exploration by the Shadow Isles) [editing still underway]
The Shadow Isles does battle with Kaius, the Millennium-Tyrant of Neritum.

Update 16: Mag Mell (Exploration by Bilgewater)
Bilgewater explores a volcanic island of great saurian creatures.

Update 17: Lack of Jurisdiction
Swain brutally displays the might of Noxus.

Update 18: Kibu (Exploration by Bilgewater)
Bilgewater has magical pixie adventures on an island that is home to a dimensional rift.

Update 19: Scheria (Exploration by Ionia) [incomplete]
Something very mysterious happens.

Update 20: Krocylea [incomplete]
I have some drafts written up, but for an event this important, I think there needs to be some more discussion first.
tl;dr: All four factions joined forces to defeat the Void. The Shadow Isles (under Aatrox) then turned on the others, intent on massacring the Krocyleans. Bilgewater fled. Ionia and the Freljord, together with the Krocyleans, very narrowly defeated the Isles, but took catastrophic losses in the process. They restored the nexus and everyone learned an important lesson about subjective truth and the evils of war.

Lore Event IV
The factions complete some additional explorations.

Lore Event V [brief writeup only]
This covered the Battle of Stormhaven. I can’t seem to find a “proper” resolution.
Basically: there was an epic battle, and the less Aatrox-y elements of the Shadow Isles used the opportunity to regain control after Aatrox got himself eaten by a Kraken. Bilgewater successfully defended Stormhaven.

Lore Event VI
Factions make their final decisions.

Informal Wrap-Up
A placeholder for some of the unfinished lore. Somethingsomething dark and mysterious.

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The story now continues with Part VII: Lines in the Sand.